Section 2 Inspection Standards and Ratings
All adult facility inspections listed on the ICE website were inspected by The Nakamoto Group. There are two major sets of standards and several versions of each. These are the Performance Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) for dedicated facilities and the National Detention Standards for non-dedicated facilities. PBNDS has two versions: PBNDS 2008 and PBNDS 2011 with revisions in 2016. NDS also has two versions: NDS 2000 and NDS 2019. Though ICE detention is not punitive, both sets of standards are based on corrections models (Schriro 2009, 2–3). Except for Service Processing Centers managed by ICE, all facilities are managed by either private prison companies, sheriff’s offices, or a local corrections board.
“ICE relies primarily on correctional incarceration standards designed for pre-trial felons and on correctional principles of care, custody, and control. These standards impose more restrictions and carry more costs than are necessary to effectively manage the majority of the detained population” (Schriro 2009, 2–3).
2.1 Standards Applied
Between September 6, 2019 and July 1, 2021, 200 facilities were inspected. Of these, 56% (n=112) were inspected under some version of PBNDS and 43.5% (n=87) were inspected under some version of NDS (Table 2.1).
| Rating | Count | % |
|---|---|---|
| PBNDS 2011 | 92 | 46.0 |
| NDS | 44 | 22.0 |
| NDS 2019 | 34 | 17.0 |
| PBNDS 2008 | 20 | 10.0 |
| NDS 2000 | 9 | 4.5 |
| ICE NDS 2011 | 1 | 0.5 |
2.2 Inspections by Facility and Operator
Among the 200 facilities in the sample, most facilities were inspected one or two times Table 2.2. During the span of time represented by this sample, three is the maximum number of times a facility was inspected. These facilities are represented by: Dorchester County Detention Center, Golden State Annex, and River Correctional Center.
| Facility | Facility Operator | Inspections Reviewed |
|---|---|---|
| Adams County Correctional Center | CoreCivic | 2 |
| Adelanto ICE Processing Center - East | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| Adelanto ICE Processing Center - West | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| Alamance County Detention Center | Alamance County Sherrif’s Office | 2 |
| Alamance County Jail | Alamance County Sherrif’s Office | 1 |
| Allen Parish Public Safety Complex | Allen Parish Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Aurora ICE Processing Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| Aurora ICE Processing Center II - Annex | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| Baker County Detention Center | Baker County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Bergen County Jail | Bergen County Sheriff’s Department | 2 |
| Bluebonnet Detention Center | Management & Training Corporation (MTC) | 2 |
| Boone County Jail | Boone County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Bossier Parish Corrections Center | Bossier Parish Sheriffs Office | 1 |
| Bristol County Jail and House of Correction | Bristol County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Brooks County Detention Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 1 |
| Broward Transitional Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| Butler County Jail | Butler County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Calhoun County Correctional Center | Calhoun County Sheriff’s Department | 2 |
| Cambria County Prison | Cambria County Prison Board | 1 |
| Caroline Detention Facility | Peumansend Creek Regional Jail Authority | 2 |
| Carver County Jail | Carver County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Cass County Jail | Cass County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Catahoula Correctional Center | LaSalle Corrections | 1 |
| CCA Florence Correctional Center | CoreCivic | 1 |
| Chase County Detention Center | County of Chase | 1 |
| Chippewa County Correctional Facility | Chippewa County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Christian County Jail | Christian County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Cibola County Correctional Center | CoreCivic | 2 |
| Clay County Jail | Clay County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Clinton County Correctional Facility | Clinton County Prison Board | 2 |
| Coastal Bend Detention Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 1 |
| David L. Moss Criminal Justice Center | Tulsa County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Desert View Annex | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| Dodge County Detention Facility | Dodge County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Donald W. Wyatt Detention Facility | Central Falls Detention Facility Corporation | 2 |
| Dorchester County Detention Center | Dorchester County Sheriff’s Office | 3 |
| Douglas County Department of Corrections | Douglas County Board of Corrections | 1 |
| East Hidalgo Detention Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 1 |
| Eden Detention Center | CoreCivic | 1 |
| El Paso Service Processing Center | ICE | 2 |
| El Valle Detention Facility | Management & Training Corporation (MTC) | 1 |
| Elizabeth Contract Detention Facility | CoreCivic | 2 |
| Eloy Detention Center | CoreCivic | 2 |
| Essex County Correctional Facility | Essex Department of Corrections | 2 |
| Etowah County Jail | Etowah County | 1 |
| Florence Service Processing Center | ICE | 2 |
| Folkston ICE Processing Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 1 |
| Folkston ICE Processing Center Annex | The GEO Group, Inc. | 1 |
| Freeborn County Adult Detention Center | Freeborn County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Geauga County Jail | Geauga County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Glades County Detention Center | Glades County Sheriff | 1 |
| Golden State Annex | The GEO Group, Inc. | 3 |
| Hall County Department of Corrections | Hall County Board of Corrections | 1 |
| Hardin County Jail | Hardin County Sheriff’s Department | 2 |
| Henderson Detention Center | Henderson Police Department | 1 |
| Houston Contract Detention Facility | CoreCivic | 2 |
| Howard County Detention Center | Howard County Government | 1 |
| Hudson County Corrections and Rehabilitation Center | Hudson County Board of Corrections | 2 |
| Immigration Centers of America - Farmville | Immigration Centers of America | 1 |
| Imperial Regional Detention Facility | Management & Training Corporation (MTC) | 2 |
| Irwin County Detention Center | LaSalle Corrections | 1 |
| Jackson Parish Correctional Center | LaSalle Corrections | 2 |
| Jena LaSalle Detention Facility | The GEO Group, Inc. | 1 |
| Jerome Combs Detention Center | Kankakee County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Joe Corley Processing Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| Johnson County Corrections Center | LaSalle Corrections | 1 |
| Kay County Detention Center | Kay County Justice Facilities Authority | 2 |
| Krome North Service Processing Center | ICE | 1 |
| Krome Service Processing Center | ICE | 2 |
| La Palma Correctional Center | CoreCivic | 1 |
| Laredo Processing Center | CoreCivic | 2 |
| LaSalle Correctional Center | LaSalle Corrections | 1 |
| LaSalle County Regional Detention Center | LaSalle County Sheriff’s Department | 1 |
| LaSalle ICE Processing Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 1 |
| Limestone County Detention Center | LaSalle Corrections | 2 |
| McHenry County Adult Correctional Facility | McHenry County Sheriff | 1 |
| Mesa Verde ICE Processing Facility | The GEO Group, Inc. | 1 |
| Monroe County Inmate Dormitory | Monroe County Sheriff and County Board of Commissioners | 1 |
| Montgomery County Jail | Montgomery County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Montgomery Processing Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| Morgan County Adult Detention Center | Morgan County | 1 |
| Morrow County Correctional Facility | Morrow County Sheriff | 1 |
| Northern Oregon Correctional Facility | Northern Oregon Corrections | 1 |
| Northwest ICE Processing Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| Nye County Detention Center | Nye County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Okmulgee County Jail - Moore Detention Facility | Okmulgee County Criminal Justice Authority | 1 |
| Orange County Correctional Facility | Orange County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Otay Mesa Detention Center | CoreCivic | 2 |
| Otero County Processing Center | Management & Training Corporation (MTC) | 2 |
| Pike County Correctional Facility | Pike County Prison Board | 2 |
| Pine Prairie ICE Processing Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| Platte County Detention Center | Platte County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Plymouth County Correctional Facility | Plymouth County Sherrif’s Department | 1 |
| Polk County Adult Detention Center | Management & Training Corporation (MTC) | 2 |
| Port Isabel Service Processing Center | ICE | 2 |
| Prairieland Detention Center | LaSalle Corrections | 2 |
| Pulaski County Detention Center | Pulaski County | 2 |
| Richwood Correctional Center | LaSalle Corrections | 2 |
| Rio Grande Detention Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| River Correctional Center | LaSalle Corrections | 3 |
| Robert A. Deyton Detention Facility | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| Rolling Plains Detention Center | LaSalle Corrections | 1 |
| Saint Clair County Jail | Saint Clair County Sheriff’s Department | 1 |
| San Luis Regional Detention Center | LaSalle Corrections | 2 |
| Seneca County Jail | Seneca County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Shawnee County Department of Corrections - Adult Detention Center | Shawnee County Board of Comissioners | 1 |
| Sherburne County Jail | Sherburne County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Sheriff Al Cannon Detention Center | Charleston County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| South Louisiana ICE Processing Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 2 |
| South Texas ICE Processing Center | The GEO Group, Inc. | 1 |
| Stewart Detention Center | CoreCivic | 2 |
| Strafford County Department of Corrections | Strafford County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| T. Don Hutto Residential Center | CoreCivic | 1 |
| Teller County Jail | Teller County Sheriff’s Department | 2 |
| Torrance County Detention Facility | CoreCivic | 1 |
| Val Verde Correctional Facility | The GEO Group, Inc. | 1 |
| Wakulla County Detention Facility | Wakulla County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Washoe County Detention Center | Sheriff of Washoe County | 1 |
| Webb County Detention Center | CoreCivic | 2 |
| West Texas Detention Facility | LaSalle Corrections | 1 |
| Western Tennessee Detention Facility | CoreCivic | 1 |
| Willacy County Regional Detention Facility | Management & Training Corporation (MTC) | 2 |
| Winn Correctional Center | LaSalle Corrections | 2 |
| Worcester County Jail | Worcester County | 1 |
| York County Prison | York County Prison Board | 2 |
| Yuba County Jail | Yuba County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
Among the 200 inspections in the sample, 46% (n=58) were at facilities operated by four private prison companies: The GEO Group, CoreCivic, LaSalle Corrections, and MTC (Table 2.3). Tallying inspections by operator, 39% (n=49) are operated by a combination of county sheriff’s offices or state corrections boards. ICE operated facilities represent 7% (n=9) of the inspections.
| Facility Operator | Inspection Count |
|---|---|
| The GEO Group, Inc. | 39 |
| CoreCivic | 24 |
| LaSalle Corrections | 21 |
| Management & Training Corporation (MTC) | 11 |
| ICE | 9 |
| Alamance County Sherrif’s Office | 3 |
| Dorchester County Sheriff’s Office | 3 |
| Allen Parish Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Baker County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Bergen County Sheriff’s Department | 2 |
| Boone County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Bristol County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Calhoun County Sheriff’s Department | 2 |
| Central Falls Detention Facility Corporation | 2 |
| Clay County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Clinton County Prison Board | 2 |
| Dodge County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Essex Department of Corrections | 2 |
| Freeborn County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Geauga County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Hardin County Sheriff’s Department | 2 |
| Hudson County Board of Corrections | 2 |
| Kankakee County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Kay County Justice Facilities Authority | 2 |
| Nye County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Orange County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Peumansend Creek Regional Jail Authority | 2 |
| Pike County Prison Board | 2 |
| Pulaski County | 2 |
| Seneca County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Sherburne County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Strafford County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Teller County Sheriff’s Department | 2 |
| Tulsa County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Wakulla County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| York County Prison Board | 2 |
| Yuba County Sheriff’s Office | 2 |
| Bossier Parish Sheriffs Office | 1 |
| Butler County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Cambria County Prison Board | 1 |
| Carver County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Cass County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Charleston County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Chippewa County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Christian County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| County of Chase | 1 |
| Douglas County Board of Corrections | 1 |
| Etowah County | 1 |
| Glades County Sheriff | 1 |
| Hall County Board of Corrections | 1 |
| Henderson Police Department | 1 |
| Howard County Government | 1 |
| Immigration Centers of America | 1 |
| LaSalle County Sheriff’s Department | 1 |
| McHenry County Sheriff | 1 |
| Monroe County Sheriff and County Board of Commissioners | 1 |
| Montgomery County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Morgan County | 1 |
| Morrow County Sheriff | 1 |
| Northern Oregon Corrections | 1 |
| Okmulgee County Criminal Justice Authority | 1 |
| Platte County Sheriff’s Office | 1 |
| Plymouth County Sherrif’s Department | 1 |
| Saint Clair County Sheriff’s Department | 1 |
| Shawnee County Board of Comissioners | 1 |
| Sheriff of Washoe County | 1 |
| Worcester County | 1 |
2.3 Recommended Rating
Among the 200 inspections reviewed, 95% (n=190) received a rating of either “Meets Standards” or “Acceptable” while 2.5% (n=5) were recommended “Does Not Meet Standards” or “Deficient” (Table 2.4).
| Rating | Count | % |
|---|---|---|
| Meets Standards | 178 | 89.0 |
| Acceptable | 12 | 6.0 |
| Not Selected | 5 | 2.5 |
| Does Not Meet Standards | 4 | 2.0 |
| Deficient | 1 | 0.5 |
Three of the five facilities that did not pass inspection are managed by county sheriff’s offices, one is a county managed detention center. Notably, the fifth non-passing facility is Krome, a dedicated ICE Service Processing Center. It bears mention that Krome was the first service processing center established in 1980 under the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and since its founding is a facility riddled with problems (Simon 1998.; Lindskoog 2018; Loyd and Mountz 2018; Lipman 2013; Helton 1986a, 1986b). However, as will become apparent, there are deep and significant problems with facilities that passed inspection.
| Facility | Facility Operator | Inspection Date | Standards | Recommended Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krome Service Processing Center | ICE | Feb. 10, 2021 | PBNDS 2011 | Does Not Meet Standards |
| David L. Moss Criminal Justice Center | Tulsa County Sheriff’s Office | Feb. 21, 2020 | PBNDS 2011 | Does Not Meet Standards |
| Seneca County Jail | Seneca County Sheriff’s Office | Oct. 3, 2019 | NDS | Deficient |
| Pulaski County Detention Center | Pulaski County | Mar. 10, 2021 | PBNDS 2011 | Does Not Meet Standards |
| Clay County Jail | Clay County Sheriff’s Office | May 20, 2021 | PBNDS 2008 | Does Not Meet Standards |